參考文獻

一、常模數據來源

1. [1] Bohannon RW. (2006).

   Reference values for the timed up and go test: a descriptive meta-analysis. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 29(2), 64-68.

   PMID: 16914068 · Primary source for TUG age-group means and SDs (meta-analysis of 21 studies, 4,395 community-dwelling older adults).

2. [2] Bohannon RW. (2006).

   Reference values for the five-repetition sit-to-stand test: a descriptive meta-analysis of data from elders. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 103(1), 215-222.

   PMID: 17037663 · Primary source for 5-STS age-group means and SDs.

3. [3] Bohannon RW, Bubela DJ, Magasi SR, Wang YC, Gershon RC. (2010).

   Sit-to-stand test: Performance and determinants across the age-span. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 18(4), 235-240.

   PMID: 22318095 · Supplementary 5-STS data across age spans.

4. [4] Pondal M, del Ser T. (2008).

   Normative data and determinants for the timed "up and go" test in a population-based sample of elderly individuals without gait disturbances. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 31(2), 57-63.

   PMID: 19856551 · Sex-stratified TUG data used for sex adjustment in this tool.

二、跌倒風險臨界值

5. [5] Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. (1991).

   The timed "Up & Go": a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 39(2), 142-148.

   PMID: 1991946 · Original TUG description: <10s normal; 20s high dependency.

6. [6] Shumway-Cook A, Brauer S, Woollacott M. (2000).

   Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults using the Timed Up & Go Test. Physical Therapy, 80(9), 896-903.

   PMID: 10960937 · TUG ≥ 13.5s as high fall risk cut-off.

7. [7] Buatois S, Miljkovic D, Manckoundia P, et al. (2008).

   Five times sit to stand test is a predictor of recurrent falls in healthy community-living subjects aged 65 and older. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56(8), 1575-1577.

   PMID: 18691302 · 5-STS ≥ 15s predicts recurrent falls.

8. [8] Bischoff HA, et al. (2003).

   Identifying a cut-off point for normal mobility: a comparison of the timed 'up and go' test in community-dwelling and institutionalised elderly women. Age and Ageing, 32(3), 315-320.

   PMID: 12720619 · Healthy community-dwelling older women: TUG < 12s.

三、肌少症篩查與營養建議

9. [9] Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, et al. (2019).

   Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis (EWGSOP2). Age and Ageing, 48(1), 16-31.

   PMID: 30312372 · Recommends 5-STS ≥ 15s as a sarcopenia screening positive indicator.

10. [10] Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T, et al. (PROT-AGE Study Group). (2013).

    Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group. JAMDA, 14(8), 542-559.

    PMID: 23867520 · Protein intake: 1.0–1.2 g/kg/day (healthy); 1.2–1.5 g/kg/day (chronic disease).

四、運動干預與跌倒預防

11. [11] Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, Fiatarone Singh MA, et al. (2009).

    American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(7), 1510-1530.

    PMID: 19516148 · ACSM exercise guidelines for older adults.

12. [12] Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, et al. (2020).

    World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(24), 1451-1462.

    PMID: 33239350 · WHO: 150-300 min/week moderate activity + ≥2 strength sessions.

13. [13] Li F, Harmer P, Fisher KJ, et al. (2005).

    Tai Chi and fall reductions in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Journals of Gerontology Series A, 60(2), 187-194.

    PMID: 15743984 · Tai Chi significantly reduces fall incidence.

14. [14] Lomas-Vega R, Obrero-Gaitán E, Molina-Ortega FJ, Del-Pino-Casado R. (2017).

    Tai Chi for Risk of Falls. A Meta-analysis. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 65(9), 2037-2043.

    PMID: 28736853 · Tai Chi meta-analysis: 20-40% fall risk reduction.

15. [15] Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ, et al. (2012).

    Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (9):CD007146.

    PMID: 22972103 · Home modifications reduce fall risk by ~20%.

五、百分位計算方法